Types of Mold Sickness: Signs and Symptoms

Mold toxicity can be a serious concern that people are becoming increasingly aware of. Many people start researching mold sickness when they are faced with a set of symptoms that have no apparent cause. They begin to wonder, are they being affected by something in their environment? There is a wide range of mold-related illnesses, some of which are difficult or even impossible to diagnose. Using a premium air purifier with the right filter can help reduce airborne mold particles and improve your indoor air quality.

Most people live with unseen mold daily, but those with sensitivities, allergies, asthma, chronic lung or respiratory conditions, and other immune system conditions are most at risk to experience mold-related illness. And if you aren’t sensitive to mold, repeated exposure over time can cause allergic reactions to worsen. Many types of mold release mycotoxins which some experts believe can make us feel ill, though the science is still developing. Here’s what happens when you’re exposed to mycotoxins, and how to prevent exposure.

Mold Sickness Signs and Symptoms: At a Glance 

Types of mold sickness and mold exposure symptoms

Mold can be found almost everywhere, though it thrives in warm, humid environments. It spreads by releasing tiny spores that float through the air. Some types of mold also produce mycotoxins, microscopic organic compounds that can attach to mold spores and cause additional health effects when inhaled.

Mold exposure does not always cause adverse reactions, and different types of mold can cause a person to react in distinctly different ways. However, those who are sensitive to mold or have mold allergies may experience the following symptoms after exposure, according to the CDC:

• Nasal stuffiness
• Eye, throat or skin irritation
• Coughing or wheezing

Reactions may be more severe in those with:

• Mold allergies
• Weakened immune systems
• Chronic lung illnesses

If you are in one of the above groups, the CDC recommends staying away from likely sources of mold, such as wooded areas, compost piles and freshly-cut grass.

Mold allergies, asthma and other respiratory symptoms

Whether you already experience allergy symptoms or not, touching or inhaling mold spores may cause you to become allergic to mold. If you are sensitized to mold as an allergen, exposure may cause a range of allergy symptoms, including sneezing, stuffy or runny nose, and eye, nose and throat irritation, according to the CDC. However, you do not need to be sensitized to mold for it to cause medical symptoms.

Exposure to mold and damp indoor environments has been linked to a wide range of health effects. 

A 2004 review by the Institute of Medicine, now the National Academy of Medicine, found sufficient evidence of an association between damp indoor environments and upper respiratory tract symptoms, coughing and wheezing, as well as asthma symptoms in people already sensitised to mold. The committee stopped short of concluding that dampness causes these symptoms, but the association was consistent enough across the literature to support acting on indoor dampness.

Those with asthma may experience more severe asthma symptoms when exposed to mold or indoor dampness, including tightness, swelling and mucus in the airways. The CDC also notes that workplace exposure to mold in damp buildings has been associated with new-onset asthma.

Fungal infections

Fungal infections caused by mold exposure are rare, and usually only happen in those with compromised immune systems. For example, Aspergillus mold is relatively widespread, and most people breathe it daily without any adverse effects. However, Aspergillus exposure can cause those with severely weakened immune systems to develop an infection called aspergillosis. Types of aspergillosis include:

• Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis — A rare but severe condition that can cause pneumonia, fever, chills, bone pain, weight loss and headaches.
• Aspergilloma — A fungal growth in the lung, often in an area of past lung scarring.
• Allergic pulmonary aspergillosis—An allergic reaction to aspergillus that usually only occurs in those with existing lung problems.

Toxicoses

Exposure to black mold (Stachybotrys) has been linked to a type of toxicosis that is often referred to as black mold poisoning. Black mold releases mycotoxins as a sort of defense mechanism when the growth is disturbed. These mycotoxins travel through the air on mold spores and are small enough to be easily inhaled. The class of toxin produced by black mold, trichothecenes, can be detrimental to humans, according to Dr. Lauren Tessier, a naturopathic physician practicing in Vermont and New York. 

Though exposure to mycotoxins can sometimes cause the allergic symptoms listed above, some experts believe it can also result in non-allergic symptoms, including:

The symptoms below come largely from clinical reports and from practitioners working outside mainstream medicine, rather than from controlled studies, and they overlap heavily with the symptoms of many other conditions. They are worth knowing about, but they are not diagnostic of mold exposure on their own, and a doctor should rule out other causes.

• Depression
• Cognitive impairment
• Sleep difficulties
• Circulation problems
• Digestive complaints
• Fatigue
• Joint pain

If you encounter mold that is dark-colored, it may not be necessarily be Stachybotrys. However, frequent exposure to all types of molds can lead to allergy or asthma symptoms, or signal water damage or leaks in your home, so remove mold when you find it.

It is worth knowing that CDC takes a more cautious view. Its guidance notes that although molds such as Stachybotrys chartarum can produce mycotoxins, the molds themselves are not inherently poisonous, and that there is no proven link between black mold specifically and unique or severe health conditions. CDC’s practical position is that all indoor mold should be removed regardless of colour or type, which is also the most useful thing to act on.

Note: Much of the information available on mold-related toxicoses comes from the functional medicine domain, which is a type of alternative medicine. This branch of medicine uses some diagnoses—such as chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS)—that have not been accepted by the traditional medical community. Black Mold Symptoms: What Happens When You’re Exposed

Building-related mold sickness

Mold exposure symptoms with no identifiable cause are often attributed to conditions such as sick building syndrome or dampness and mold hypersensitivity syndrome. Though the medical community does not widely accept these diagnoses, many people turn to them when they can find no other explanation for their symptoms.

Sick building syndrome (SBS) is associated with exposure to a specific building, usually an office building. There is no way to identify the source of SBS symptoms positively. However, they are generally attributed to air quality issues, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO) and mold. SBS symptoms vary widely and can include headaches, nausea, dizziness, fatigue, respiratory irritation and chest pains.

Dampness and mold hypersensitivity syndrome (DMHS) typically begins with eye, nose and respiratory tract irritation, but can lead to other symptoms, such as sinusitis, headaches, fatigue and fibromyalgia.

A 2018 paper reviewing four cases argued that this syndrome may be a form of toxicosis, caused by exposure to mycotoxins in damp or water-damaged buildings (Tuuminen & Lohi, 2018). However, more research is needed to make any firm conclusions about DMHS.

Can you be tested for mold exposure?

Not reliably, and this is where a lot of money gets spent badly. Allergy testing can confirm whether you are sensitised to specific molds, which is useful and routinely available. Beyond that, there is no validated test that shows mold is causing a given set of symptoms. Urine mycotoxin panels marketed for this purpose have not been validated for diagnosing illness from environmental exposure. On the building side, CDC advises that routine air sampling for mold is not recommended, since results are difficult to interpret and no health-based standards exist for comparison. A visual and moisture inspection tells you more than a spore count does.

When to see a doctor

See a doctor if symptoms persist after you are away from the suspected source, if you have asthma or a lung condition and your symptoms are worsening, or if you have a weakened immune system and develop a persistent cough, fever or shortness of breath, since fungal infection risk is concentrated in that group. Bring what you know about the building: visible mold, water damage, how long you have been exposed, and whether symptoms improve when you are elsewhere. That pattern is often more informative to a clinician than any test result.

Indoor air quality solutions for mold

The best way to avoid mold in the home or workplace is to prevent its growth altogether. Mold thrives in damp, warm environments, where other microbes can also flourish, which may contribute to feeling unwell. If you're exposed to mold, remediate the presence as quickly and thoroughly as possible.

To reduce humidity, try:

• Keeping the relative humidity in your home between 30% and 50%.
• Checking high-moisture areas, such as window sills, under-sink cabinets and indoor plants, regularly for visible mold growth.
• Increasing ventilation in your home—especially in high-moisture areas such as the bathroom, kitchen and laundry room. You can do this by installing an exhaust fan, running your HVAC system or opening windows (as long as it is not humid outside).

• Adding an air purifier to help remove mold spores from the air in your home. Make sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions on cleaning and replacing the filters. The Molekule air purifier with proprietary PECO technology destroys mold spores that pass through the device, instead of trapping them within the unit, where spores and mycotoxins may be re-releasead into the air. PECO is able to break down both spores and mycotoxins on a molecular level.
  

Can You Remove Mold From Your Home?

If you do find mold in your home or workplace, the California Department of Public Health recommends:

• Reporting any mold sighting immediately to your landlord, employer or other entity in charge of the building’s safety.
• Removing the source of excess moisture, such as fixing a leaky pipe.
• Cleaning up any mold sites quickly and carefully. Check out our Guide to Household Mold Removal to learn now to do so safely and effectively.

When you are removing mold growth from your home, including removing mold from carpets, you should take certain precautions to ensure that you eliminate both the mold and the source of dampness. The EPA suggests scrubbing mold off of all hard surfaces using water and detergent and throwing away moldy fabrics such as carpets and curtains. 

They also suggests handling mold yourself only when the affected area is under roughly 10 square feet, about a three foot by three foot patch. For anything larger, for mold in air conditioners or HVAC systems, or for mold growth caused by contaminated water such as sewage or flooding, hire an experienced professional.

It is always a good idea to limit your exposure to mold, especially if you suspect that it may be the cause of your symptoms. By keeping an eye out for signs of mold growth and preserving the overall air quality in your home, you can help protect yourself from the different types of mold-related illnesses.

Frequently asked questions

How long do mold symptoms last after exposure?

Allergy and respiratory symptoms usually ease within days of leaving the source, though they can take longer if your airways are already irritated. Symptoms that persist well after you are away from the building are worth seeing a doctor about, since something else may be driving them.

Can mold make you sick if you are not allergic to it?

Yes. Sensitisation makes reactions worse, but damp indoor environments are associated with coughing, wheezing and upper respiratory symptoms in people with no mold allergy at all. Irritation and allergy are different mechanisms.

Is black mold more dangerous than other types?

Not as uniquely dangerous as its reputation suggests. CDC's position is that although molds such as Stachybotrys chartarum can produce mycotoxins, the molds themselves are not inherently poisonous, and no proven link exists between black mold specifically and unique or severe health conditions. Remove any indoor mold regardless of colour.

Can mold cause fatigue or brain fog?

These are the symptoms most often attributed to mold exposure and the least well supported. They come largely from clinical reports rather than controlled studies, and they overlap with many other conditions, so a doctor should rule out other causes rather than assuming mold.

How quickly does mold grow after water damage?

Usually within 24 to 48 hours, which is why drying a wet area fast matters more than anything you do afterwards. Carpet, drywall and upholstery hold moisture long after the surface feels dry.

Will an air purifier fix a mold problem?

No. A purifier reduces airborne spores while it runs, which helps with symptoms, but it does nothing about mold growing on a surface or the moisture feeding it. Treat it as a complement to fixing the leak and removing the growth, never a substitute.